This paper identifies and analyzes the kinds of disputes that frequently arise from JOAs in a number of developed hydrocarbon jurisdictions, in addition to those that occur in international operations where the case law has been less developed. The paper discusses the development of Model JOAs, customary industry practice and O&G case law around the world, and their impact on JOA disputes.

The study analyses the development and use of hydrogen and the concomitant need for CCUS to provide low-carbon energy sources. In undertaking the analysis, this study critically examines the legal and policy challenges, as well as the opportunities, the hydrocarbon industry will face as states seek to attain their goal of net-zero carbon emissions. The paper undertakes a detailed examination of what the challenges are, how they can be overcome, and the implications for the hydrocarbon industry.